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Bibliogrophy
Ambrose, Stephen E. Undaunted Courage. New York: Simon &
Schuster,1996.
Bakeless, John (ed.). Journals of Lewis and Clark. New York: Pen-
guin Group, 1964.
Clarke, Charles G. Men of Lewis and Clark Expedition. Glendale,
CA: Arthur H. Clark Co.,1970.
DeVoto, Bernard (ed.). The Journals of Lewis and Clark. Boston:
Houghton Mifflin Co., 1953.
Gass, Patrick. Journal of Patrick Gass. Minneapolis: Ross & Haines
Inc.,1958.
Hall, Eleanor J. The Lewis and Clark Expedition. San Diego, CA:
Lucent Books, 1996.
Jones, Landon Y. The Essential Lewis and Clark. New York: Ecco
Press, 2000.
Lewis, Meriwether. The Lewis and Clark Expedition. 1814 edition,
unabridged. Philadelphia and New York: J.B. Lippincott co., 1961.
MacGregor, Carol Lynn (ed.). Journal of Patrick Gass. Missoula,
MT: Mountain Press Publishing Co., 1997.
Moulton, Gary E. (ed.). Journal of Joseph Whitehouse. Lincoln, NE:
University of Nebraska press, 1997.
Osgood, Ernest Staples (ed.). Field Notes of Captain William Clark,
1803-1805. New Haven & London: Yale University press, 1964.
Quaife, Milo M. (ed.). The Journals of Captain Meriwether Lewis
and Sergeant John Ordway. Madison: State Historical Society of
Wisconsin, 1916.
Robinson, Doane. Encyclopedia of South Dakota. Sioux Falls, SD:
Will A. Beach Publishing Co.,1925.
Schmidt, Thomas. The Lewis and Clark Trail. Washington, D.C.:
National Geographic Society 1998.
Skarsten, M.O. George Drouillard. Glendale, CA: Arthur H. Clark
Co., 1964.
Thwaites, Reuben Gold (ed.). Original Journals of the Lewis and
Clark Expedition. 8 vols. New York Dodd, Mead & Co., 1904. New
York: Antiquarian Press, Reprint 1959.
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lntroduction
The United States Congress approved the $15 million purchase of the
Louisiana Territory from France, in 1803. This vast expanse bordered
the 2,963 miles long Missouri River between its mouth near St. Louis,
Missouri and its source near Three Forks, Montana.
President Thomas Jefferson asked United States Army Captains, thirty
year old Meriwether Lewis and thirty-four year old William Clark, to form
an expedition and explore the Missouri River and find a direct water route
to the Pacific Ocean. He also directed the two explorers to meet and make
friends with the different Indian Tribes along the way, especially the Teton
Sioux, but not to take any unnecessary risks. The captains were also asked
to keep journals showing information about the various Indian Tribes,
latitude and longitude of remarkable points, types of soil and minerals,
different kinds of wildlife, and details of the journey.
The exploring party consisted of twenty-six members of the United
States Army: two captains, three sergeants, and twenty-one privates.
Other crew members were three hunters and interpreters, one laborer,
thirteen French boatmen, and Captain Clark’s servant, a total of forty-
four men. Hunters led two horses along the shore and used them to hunt
antelope, deer, elk, and buffalo to supplement the food supply. Captain
Lewis took along his Newfoundland dog, named Seaman.
Captain Lewis supervised the construction of a fifty-five-foot long,
eight-foot wide, flat-bottom, shallow-draft keelboat at Pittsburgh. It had
an elevated cabin in the stern (rear) and a cabin in the bow. The boat was
equipped with a thirty-two foot mast, square sail, and twenty-two oars.
A swivel gun (cannon) was mounted on its bow. The travelers also used
two flat-bottom rowboats, one with six oars and one with seven oars, the
seventh oar used as a rudder. Each long rowboat, called a perogue, had
a mast and sail, and was armed with a small swivel gun (blunderbuss)
mounted in the bow.
Below the keelboat’s deck was a thirty-one-foot long hold for storage
of food and supplies. Some of the trip’s foodstuff were 1 barrel and 23
bags meal; 4 barrels and 11 bags hulled corn; 15 barrels and 2 bags flour;
4 barrels and 7 bags hard biscuits; 7 barrels salt; 50 kegs salt pork; 1 keg
hog lard; 2 bags sugar; 1 bag each coffee, beans, and peas. Some of the
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